Reading List published by European Digital Media Observatory ( EDMO )
1) Establish a permanent body, independent of governments and platforms, with an EU-wide network of centers with a focus on preparing for and responding to ongoing and emergency information challenges
Chlebna, Camilla, and James Simmie. 2018. ‘New Technological Path Creation and the Role of Institutions in Different Geo-Political Spaces’. European Planning Studies 26(5): 969–87.
Khanna, Tarun. ‘When Technology Gets Ahead of Society’. Harvard Business Review July-August 2018: 88–95.
2) Build a networked infrastructure for educating people about disinformation and media literacy
Cortesi, Sandra et al. 2020. ‘Youth and Digital Citizenship+ (Plus): Understanding Skills for a Digital World’. Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society. https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/42638976 (June 15, 2022).
Edwards, Lee et al. 2021. Rapid Evidence Assessment on Online Misinformation and Media Literacy: Final Report ForOfcom. Ofcom. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/110866/2/rapid_assessment_on_online_misinformation_and_media_literacy_puvblished.pdf (June 15, 2022).
Howard, Philip et al. 2021. Digital Misinformation / Disinformation and Children. UNICEF’s Office of Global Insight and Policy. Rapid Analysis. https://www.unicef.org/globalinsight/media/2096/file/UNICEF-Global-Insight-Digital-Mis-Disinformation-and-Children-2021.pdf (June 15, 2022).
UNESCO. 2022. ‘Why Mother Language-Based Education Is Essential’. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/why-mother-language-based-education-essential (June 15, 2022).
3) Require platforms to share data around different types of content, by signing on to the Code of Conduct around Platform-to-Researcher data access
Allen, Jeff. 2022. The Integrity Institute’s Analysis of Facebook’s Widely Viewed Content Report. https://integrityinstitute.org/widely-viewed-content-analysis-tracking-dashboard (June 15, 2022).
Bontcheva, Kalina et al. 2020. Balancing Act: Countering Digital Disinformation While Respecting Freedom of Expression. Broadband Commission Research Report on ‘Freedom of Expression and Addressing Disinformation on the Internet’. International Telecommunication Union (ITU). https://www.broadbandcommission.org/Documents/working-groups/FoE_Disinfo_Report.pdf (June 15, 2022).
Deloitte. 2020. ‘Develop Real-Time Sensing / Red Flag Reporting Dashboard’. https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/develop-real-time-sensing-red-flag-reporting-dashboard.html (June 15, 2022).
European Parliament. Directorate General for Parliamentary Research Services. 2019. Automated Tackling of Disinformation: Major Challenges Ahead. LU: Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2861/368879 (June 20, 2022).
Pasquetto, Irene, Briony Swire-Thompson, and Michelle A. Amazeen. 2020. ‘Tackling Misinformation: What Researchers Could Do with Social Media Data’. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/tackling-misinformation-what-researchers-could-do-with-social-media-data/ (June 17, 2022).
4) Ensure that technology companies enforce their policies in terms of prohibiting ad funded disinformation, utilizing the expertise of independent and neutral third parties and the appointment of an independent auditor
Bayer, Judit et al. 2021. Disinformation and Propaganda: Impact on the Functioning of the Rule of Law and Democratic Processes in the EU and Its Member States: – 2021 Update –. European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/653633/EXPO_STU(2021)653633_EN.pdf (June 15, 2022).
Fagan, Craig, and Lucas Wright. 2020. Research Brief: Ad Tech Fuels Disinformation Sites in Europe – The Numbers and Players. Global Disinformation Index. https://aej.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/GDI_Adtech_EU.pdf (June 15, 2022).
Global Disinformation Index staff. 2019. The Quarter Billion Dollar Question: How Is Disinformation Gaming Ad Tech? Global Disinformation Index. https://www.disinformationindex.org/research/2019-9-1-the-quarter-billion-dollar-question-how-is-disinformation-gaming-ad-tech/ (June 15, 2022).
Melford, Clare, and Craig Fagan. 2019. Cutting the Funding of Disinformation: The Ad-Tech Solution. Global Disinformation Index. https://www.disinformationindex.org/research/2019-5-1-cutting-the-funding-of-disinformation-the-ad-tech-solution/ (June 15, 2022).
5) Construct media monitoring systems sophisticated enough to capture the flows of disinformation across the whole of the information environment in multiple languages
Allen, Jennifer, Baird Howland, Markus Mobius, David Rothschild, and Duncan J. Watts. 2020. “Evaluating the Fake News Problem at the Scale of the Information Ecosystem.” Science Advances 6 (14)
Benaissa Pedriza, Samia. 2021. ‘Sources, Channels and Strategies of Disinformation in the 2020 US Election: Social Networks, Traditional Media and Political Candidates’. Journalism and Media 2(4): 605–24.
Evanega, Sarah, Mark Lynas, Jordan Adams, and Karinne Smolenyak. ‘Coronavirus Misinformation: Quantifying Sources and Themes in the COVID-19 “Infodemic”’. https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Evanega-et-al-Coronavirus-misinformation-submitted_07_23_20-1.pdf (June 15, 2022).
Tsfati, Yariv, H. G. Boomgaarden, J. Strömbäck, R. Vliegenthart, A. Damstra, and E. Lindgren. 2020. “Causes and Consequences of Mainstream Media Dissemination of Fake News: Literature Review and Synthesis.” Annals of the International Communication Association 44 (2): 157–73.
Unesco: Journalism, fake news & disinformation: handbook for journalism education and training, 2018 https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000265552
6) Enforce policies to protect journalists and strengthen media freedom
Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. 1996. ‘OF THE COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS TO MEMBER STATES ON THE PROTECTION OF JOURNALISTS IN SITUATIONS OF CONFLICT AND TENSION’. https://rm.coe.int/16804ff5a1 (June 15, 2022).
Council of Europe. 2015. ‘Recommendations and Declarations of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in the Field of Media and Information Society’. https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=0900001680645b44 (June 15, 2022).
Council of Europe. 2022. ‘Not a Target – the Need to Reinforce the Safety of Journalists Covering Conflicts’. https://www.coe.int/en/web/kyiv/-/not-a-target-the-need-to-reinforce-the-safety-of-journalists-covering-conflicts (June 15, 2022).
EU Recommendation on the protection, safety and empowerment of journalists; 2021 https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/recommendation-protection-safety-and-empowerment-journalists#:~:text=Adopted%20in%20September%202021%2C%20the,intimidation%2C%20whether%20online%20or%20offline.
7) Implement policies for transparent decision making around content removal to ensure there are agreed-upon standards and processes for archiving content and data so it can be used and understood by prosecutors, policymakers, journalists, fact-checkers, researchers and historians
Abrahams, Fred. ‘When War Crimes Evidence Disappears: Social Media Companies Can Preserve Proof of Abuses’. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/05/25/when-war-crimes-evidence-disappears (June 15, 2022).
Al Khatib, Hadi, and Dia Kayyali. 2019. ‘YouTube Is Erasing History’. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/23/opinion/syria-youtube-content-moderation.html?referringSource=articleShare (June 15, 2022).
Dubberley, Sam, Alexa Koenig, and Daragh Murray, eds. 2020a. ‘How to Preserve Open Source Information Effectively’. In Digital Witness: Using Open Source Information for Human Rights Investigation, Documentation, and Accountability, Oxford New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Human Rights Center at UC Berkeley School of Law. 2021. DIGITAL LOCKERS: Archiving Social Media Evidence of Atrocity Crimes. Human Rights Center at UC Berkeley School of Law. https://humanrights.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/digital_lockers_report5.pdf (June 15, 2022).
Human Rights Watch. 2020. “Video Unavailable” Social Media Platforms Remove Evidence of War Crimes. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/09/10/video-unavailable/social-media-platforms-remove-evidence-war-crimes (June 15, 2022).
8) Put in place funding and support for the mental health and well-being of researchers, fact-checkers and journalists working on war reporting and disinformation investigations
Dubberley, Sam, and Michele Grant. 2017. Journalism and Vicarious Trauma. A Guide for Journalists, Editors and News Organisations. First Draft. https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/vicarioustrauma.pdf (June 15, 2022).
Dubberley, Sam, Elizabeth Griffin, and Haluk Mert Bal. 2015. Making Secondary Trauma a Primary Issue. A Study of Eyewitness Media and Vicarious Trauma on the Digital Frontline. Eyewitness Media Hub. http://eyewitnessmediahub.com/uploads/browser/files/Trauma%20Report.pdf (June 15, 2022).
Ellis, Hannah. 2018. ‘How to Prevent, Identify and Address Vicarious Trauma — While Conducting Open Source Investigations in the Middle East’. bell¿ngat. https://www.bellingcat.com/resources/how-tos/2018/10/18/prevent-identify-address-vicarious-trauma-conducting-open-source-investigations-middle-east/.
9) Develop new ethical frameworks for civil society and government initiatives working to fight disinformation
Association for Computing Machinery. 2018. ‘ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct’. https://www.acm.org/code-of-ethics (June 15, 2022).
The Media Councils Debates. Facing the Challenges of the Digital Age, January
2022 https://www.lecdj.be/de/projekte/media-councils-in-digital-age/–
Pancake, Cherri M. 2018. ‘Programmers Need Ethics When Designing the Technologies That Influence People’s Lives’. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/programmers-need-ethics-when-designing-the-technologies-that-influence-peoples-lives-100802 (June 15, 2022).
Stanford University. 2015. ‘Computer and Information Ethics’. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Archive. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2020/entries/ethics-computer/#InfRicInfPoo (July 15, 2022).
10) Build an EU-wide pipeline of researchers, university centers, journalists, fact-checkers and other civil society groups with the necessary technical, linguistic and subject-matter knowledge to respond quickly to future information challenges
Bisson, Robin. 2022. ‘Academia Urged to Join Fight against Online Misinformation’. *Research. https://www.researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-uk-charities-and-societies-2022-1-academia-urged-to-join-fight-against-online-misinformation/ (June 15, 2022).
CBInsights. 2018. Who Will Lead The Fight Against Online Disinformation & Propaganda? https://www.cbinsights.com/research/fighting-online-disinformation-propaganda-conference/ (June 15, 2022).
Iaione, Christian. 2021. ‘Enabling Co-Governance CO4CITIES THIRD TRANSNATIONAL MEETING 25-26 November 2021’. http://www.comune.torino.it/benicomuni/bm~doc/iaione_co4cities-budapest.pdf (June 15, 2022).
Jukić, Tina et al. 2019. ‘Collaborative Innovation in Public Administration: Theoretical Background and Research Trends of Co-Production and Co-Creation’. Administrative Sciences 9(4): 90.
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